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第一部分：數詞的譯法
一、數字增減的譯法：
1.句式特征：by＋名詞＋比較級＋than
The wire is by three inches longer than that one.這根導線比那根長3英寸。
2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋to+n.譯為：增加到。。。?；驕p少到。。。。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金屬切割機已經減少到50臺。
二、百分數增減的表示法與譯法
1.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋％
The output value has increased 35%.產值增加了35％
2.句式特征：表示增減意義的動詞＋by＋％
Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售額應增加3％
The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本減少60％
3.句式特征：表示減少意義的動詞＋to+%表示減少后剩余的數量
By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用這種新工藝，鐵的損失量減少到20％
4.句式特征：％＋ 比較級 ＋than表示凈增減的數量
Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售額與去年相比，有望增加9％。
5.句式特征：％ ＋ 比較級 ＋ 名詞表示凈減數
The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型機械能耗量凈減10％
6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示凈增數
There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.與去年相比，今年鋼產量凈增20％
7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名詞（代詞）表示凈減數，數字n照譯
The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年產值僅為去年的60％
8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示凈增數
The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年糧食產量比1978年凈增20％。
第二部分 倍數增加的表示法及譯法
漢語表示“增加了幾倍”時，英語的倍數表示倍數需減一，譯成“增加了n-1倍”以表示凈增加數。如果譯成“增加到n倍”或“為原來的n倍”，則照譯不誤。
1.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋n times“表示成倍地增長，譯成”增加到N倍“或”增加n-1倍“
注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）
2.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋ｂｙ＋ n times，該句式與上述相同
3.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋to＋ n times表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了n-1倍“
4.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋by a factor of ＋ n times
5.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋比較級＋by a factor of ＋ n times表示增加以后達到的倍數，譯成”比。。。。。。大（長、寬。。。）N-1倍“
6.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times＋比較級＋than。。。。。
7.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋ n times +adj./adv. +as....
8.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋a ＋ n times(或n-fold) ＋increase.......表示增加到N倍，譯成”增加了N－1倍“
9.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。倍）“
例子： Line A is as long again as line B. A線比B線長1倍。
This machine turns half as fast again as that one.這臺機器轉動比那臺機器快半倍。
10.句式特點：表示增加意義的動詞＋half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....譯成”比。。。。大（長、寬。。。。半倍）“
11. 句式特點：用double表示倍數，譯成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“
12.句式特點：用treble表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“
13.句式特點：用quadruple表示倍數增加，譯成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“
第三部分 倍數減少的表示方法
倍數減少在英譯時，需把倍數換算成分數。成幾倍減少，可以改譯成”減少到1/N“或減少了”N-1/N“。而減少了N倍，可改譯成”減少到1/N＋1“或”減少了N/N+1“。
1.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的長度縮短了十分之九。
2.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋by＋N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The bandwith was reduced by two times.帶寬減少了二分之一。
3.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋by a factor of + N times表示成N倍減少，譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
4.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋a-N times(N-fold)+ reduction譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
The principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機器比，主要特點是重量減少了四分之三。
5.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋N times＋as + adj./adv. .....譯成”減少到1/N“或”減少了N-1/N“
6.句式特點：表示減少意義的動詞＋N times+ 比較級＋ than表示減少了N倍，譯成”減少到1/N＋1”或“減少了1/N＋1“
The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個塑料容器比那個玻璃容器輕六分之五。
英語倍數句型及其譯法
英語表示倍數增減或倍數對比的句型多種多樣，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12） 等， 見圈碼）很容易譯錯——其主要原因在于：英漢兩語在
表述或對比倍數方面存在著語言與思維差異?，F將常 用的英語倍數句型及其正確譯法歸納如下：
倍數增加
(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）
A is n times greater （longer， more，…）than B.（②）
A is n times the size （length， amount，…）of B.(③)
以上三句都應譯為；A的大?。ㄩL度，數量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（長，多，……）n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three
times the length of ）that one.
這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍（即長兩倍）。
注：當相比的對象B很明顯時，than（as，of）B常被省去。
（二）increase to n times（④）
increase n times／n-fold（⑤）
increase by n times（⑥）
increase by a factor of n（⑦）
以上四式均應譯為：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times
as compared with last year.
集成電路的產量比去年增加了兩倍。
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against
l986．
化肥產量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代謝率提高到原來的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏電壓增加了3借（即增加到原來的4倍）。
注：在這類句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等詞所替代。
（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧）
應譯為：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。這個句型還有其它一些形式：
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
據報道,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。
（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．
這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
（五）此外，英語中還有一種用again而不用倍數詞來比較倍數的方法，如：
A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as
B.（⑩）
應譯為：A比B多（大，長，……）1倍。
A is half as much （large， 1ong，…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，…）as B.】（11）
應譯為:A比B多（大，長……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。
倍數減少
（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）
A is n times smaller （lighter， slower，…) than B.（13）
以上兩句均應譯為：A的大?。ㄖ亓?，速度，……）是B的1/n[或A比B?。ㄝp，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子約輕15/16）。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
這種薄膜比普通紙張要薄一半（即是普通紙厚度的1/2）。
注：當相比的對象B很明顯時，than/as B常被省去。
（二）decrease n times/n--fold （14）
decrease by n times（15）
decrease by a factor of n（16）
以上三式均譯為：減少到1/n[或：減少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce， shorten， go／slow down等詞替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶體管的開關時間縮短了1/3（即縮短到2/3）。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current
is stepped down by ten times.
電壓升高9倍，電流強度便降低9/10（即90％）。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
該設備誤差概率降低了4/5。
（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
應譯為：減至1/n [或：減少（n一1）/n]。（17）
這個句型還有其它一些形式，
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed．
發現迅速減少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in
weight.
這些產品的主要優點是重量減輕了1/2。
從上列倍數增減句型及其譯法中不難看出：與漢語不 同的是，英語在表述或比較倍數時，無論使用什么句 型（除了不含倍數詞的again句型外）都包括基礎倍
數在內，因此都不是凈增或凈減n倍，而是凈增或 凈減n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍數增量=句型④； 句型(13)表示的倍數比差＝句型12，且decrease（by）
3 times應譯為“減少2/3”，而不是“減少3/4”。
第四部分 動詞的使動用法
動詞是英語中詞類中最為活躍的成分，至今對于動詞的使用我一直是膽戰心驚的，現介紹一些使動用法共勉。
1.I slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地帶馬上山。
2.The ran the ship aground.他們把船開到灘上去了。
3.The swam their horses in the river.他們使馬泅水渡河。
4.I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下來好讓疲憊的腿休息一下。
5.They rode out the storm.他們安然渡過風暴
其實，研究動詞個人認為，要把握后面有無賓語；賓語是人還是物；是什么樣的賓語。歡迎網友探討，動詞的學習研討方法。
第五部分 同系賓語
1. I dreamed a strange dream.
2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.
3.I have fought a good fight.
一、在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時，通?？蓳Q成態度副詞。
live a long life = live long;
live a happy life = live happily;
die a national death = die nationally;
die a violent death = die by violence
二、有的賓語與動詞不同語源，但意義相通，也可以視為同類。
run a race; run a course; run one's career;
fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;
ring a peal; wreak one's vengeance
三、以it構成的類型：
I am determined to fight it out。我決心奮斗到底。
He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。
We had to walk it in the rain.我們不得不冒雨而行。
Can't you swim it?你游不過去嗎？
四、在某些熟語中可將同系賓語省略，如look thanks = look a look of thanks
He looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中現出言語無法表達的感謝。
She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短劍相刺的目光望著我，走出了房間。
五、最高級形容詞后，可以省略同系賓語。
The lady was looking her best(look).
She sang her sweest(song) to please him.
第六部分 一組詞組
1.all＋抽象名詞/抽象名詞＋itself ＝ very + adj.
He was all gentleness to her.他對她非常溫存。
To his superiors, he is humility itself。對于長輩，他極為謙遜。
分析：該結構原來是表示某種性質達到極點的一種說法，有“非?！?、“盡管”、“一味”、“盡”的含義，有時甚至可以譯為“。。。。的化身”、“。。。。的具體化”。普通復數名詞用于“all”之后，也是表達這種概念。
He is all smiles.他一味地笑。
She is all eyes.她盯著看。
I am all anxiety.我真擔心。
He is all attention.他全神貫注地聽著。
2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) of
Mr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲學家風范。
Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吳先生全無音樂家的風味。
Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陸先生大有詩人氣派。
Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.劉先生幾無學者風度。
分析：此為表示“程度”的形容詞短語，有時可以當作副詞翻譯。
Something of ＝to some extent（某程度），在問句和條件句中則用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of譯作“全無、毫無”。
相類似的情況：
to be something of = to have something of + 名詞＋in ＋代名詞
He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫無演說家的才能。
這類名詞的用法，可以處理為副詞。
He has seen something of life.他略具閱歷。他稍閱世。
Something of 與something like區別：程度上有差異。
something like ＝ something approximateing in character or amount指數量或性質略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解釋。
This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。
It shaped something like a cigar.其形狀略似雪茄。
3.as...as 的三種用法;
（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一樣和藹。
（2）He is as kind as honest.他既誠實又和藹。
（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹誠實，而他和藹。
句式1表示兩個不同的人相同的性質；
句式2表示同一個人不同的性質；
句式3表示兩個人的不同性質。該句式中第一個as為之時副詞，第二個as為連詞。所以，第一個as后面為adj./adv.，而第二個as后面為從句。
4.as......as any / as .....as ever
He is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。
5.as.....as.....can be
It is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不過了。
A lot of these boys were green as green can be.這些男孩許多都是精力充沛無以復加的。
6.as......., so............
As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.憂能傷人，猶如銹之蝕鐵。
SO相當于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦復如此)。為加強語氣，也可以在as前面加上just一詞。
As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能試金，逆境可以試人的勇氣。
As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身體要靠食物營養一樣，國家要靠工業營養。
7.It is in (or with)........as in (or with)......
It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。
It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.讀書和吃飯一樣，得到利益的是那些實際在吃的人，而不是旁觀的人。
It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身體都必須有好的食物來營養。
8.as good as / as well as
It is as goos as done.這就和做好了一樣。
It is broad as well as long.那既長且寬。
as good as 有兩個含義：
（1）amounting to not falling short of;等于；同樣； 幾如；； 不欠缺
He was as good as his word.他不爽約。
（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect實際上；其實；實在；在各要點上
He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存實亡
as well as 有四個含義：
（1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一樣好
I have understanding as well as you.
（2）both....and..;one equally with the other“與”、“兩者皆”
Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.適度勞動對身體給予快感，又有益衛生。
（3）與not only....but also有連帶關系
He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.
（4）可以代替better than
As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.竊鉤如竊國，與其盜小羊。
9.As it is
其含義為：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相當于：實際上；就實際情況而言；根據（現在）情況看；就現在這個樣子等等。它用來指事物的單數；即指前面的單數名詞。如果指事物的復數，則用“As they are”。如果用來指人時，則為as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的過去式為as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中間。
（1）用于句首，注意前后時態與該結構保持一致
As it is, we can not help him.
As it was, we could not help him.
（2）用于句末
Let's keep it as it is.
You mustn't go to the ball as you are.你不能這樣去參加舞會。
有時it可以省略為“as is ”，意即：照現在的樣子，常指“不再修理或改進”等情況。
He has an old radio as is.他有一臺沒有修理過的舊收音機。
I‘ll sell it to you as is, but don't complain if it doesn't work.
（3）句中時，用逗號把它從前后隔開
A.虛擬語氣句式＋but ＋as it is / was，該結構意為：其實；事實上
I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.
The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.
B.過去分詞＋as it is，表示強調前面的過去分詞
Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.
Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.
C.現在分詞＋ as it does(did)。意為：因為這樣，（實際）所以.........
Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.
Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.
幾個類似的結構：
A. as it stands 根據目前情況來看
As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.
B. such as it is不怎么樣，質量不過如此
The room, such as it is, is very bright.
C. as it were ＝as if it were so.屬虛擬語氣，用于插入語。不可以與as it is 混淆
He is , as it were, a living dictionary.
Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart.
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